Vaccine hesitancy, while not a phenomenon exclusive to the COVID-19 pandemic, became more evident during this period, directly impacting vaccination coverage and exposing tensions between science, misinformation, and public health practices. This essay aims to critically articulate the dimensions that influence users’ motivation to adhere to vaccination, analyzing: (1) fears related to adverse events and vaccine safety; (2) the role of social media in the dissemination of misinformation; and (3) gaps in health communication as a barrier to popular education. Based on observational data and reports from primary health care, a paradox emerges: although initial refusal is in the minority, low adherence to booster doses reveals residual hesitancy. It is therefore proposed that the right to communication in health, understood as a practical-methodological axis, is fundamental for the realization of the right to health within the Unified Health System (SUS). It is concluded that strategies based on critical dialogue, transparency, and social participation can enhance vaccination coverage, strengthening not only the response to critical periods of health emergencies, but also collective agreements in public health.